The Molecular Detection Methods For Plasmodium Falciparum Essay

The Molecular Detection Methods For Plasmodium Falciparum - Essay Example This travels through the blood into the liver where it attacks the liver cells. Here, it matures into a mother cell which also produces other daughter cells within a period of six days. This daughter cells the releases themselves from the mother and attacks the red blood cells (Guerra, Snow and Hay, 2006). Plasmodium Falciparum sometimes prevents the destruction of these red blood cells which have been affected by the virus causing more trouble to the body. This is achieved by sending proteins to the cell membrane of the red blood cell which causes the red blood cells to stick to the walls of the small blood vessels. The cluster of red blood cells may cause blockage in the circulation system The symptoms of malaria usually begin to show after about 10 to 30 days after a mosquito bite. These can either be severe or a little complicated to the person. Small children and expectant mothers are the most vulnerable to the disease. Diagnosis of malaria is, therefore, an important factor in the determination of the presence of the disease. This should be then followed by a correct treatment of the disease. However, the causative virus is still a problem due to its ability to be resistance making malaria a threat to medicine. Several molecular detection methods can be applied to establish the existence of plasmodium falciparum in the body. ... The parasite can also be observed from the smear. A drop of blood is usually placed on a slide and then spread uniformly throughout the slide length to make sure that the cells are spaced up properly in the slide. A definite layer where the cells are spaced far enough to be counted and differentiated is always the best to examine. This layer is referred to as monolayer. It is usually found on the slide’s edge. The slide is then left to air dry and then fixed into the slide by immersing into methanol. It is the stained. Staining helps to differentiate the cells from each other. Romanowsky Wright`s, or Giemsa, is usually the stain that is used to stain the cells. The slide is then viewed under a microscope under a high magnification e.g. x1000. The abnormalities in these cells which in the case of plasmodium falciparum are usually red blood cells are observed and recorded. The parasites appearance can also be observed from the film. Each of the plasmodium species portrays distin guishing characteristics hence can, therefore, be differentiated from each other. The parasites’ appearance is usually preserved in a thin film; this is unlike in thick films, which are mostly used when large volumes of blood are to be observed. They have been found to be more sensitive than the thin films of blood, but separating the parasites here is usually hard. However, it poses its own limitation especially in the diagnosis of malaria in early stages. This is because, in these stages all the parasites appear in a ring like shape hence distinguishing them becomes a problem. This is the trophozoites stage which is a ring shape. Another problem also arises when the amount of time between the blood collection

Lockheed management Essay Example for Free

Lockheed management Essay We examined the decision to invest in the Tri-Star project by forecasting the cash flow associated with the project for a volume of 210 planes. We also asked what a valid estimate of the NPV of the Tri-Star project at a volume of 210 planes as of 1967 would be. We found this to be -$584 M. This was clearly an unacceptable NPV for capital budgeting on the project. A break-even analysis revealed that the project reached economic break-even with the production of 275 planes at . 5 M per unit but did not reach value break-even at that level of production. Despite industry analysts predicting 300 units as Lockheed’s break-even sales point, at this level, net present value remained insufficient to cover costs at negative $274 million. If the company had performed a true value break-even analysis, management would have realized that roughly 400 Tri Star aircraft (about 67 per year for six years) costing somewhere between $11.75 million and $12 million per unit would have to be sold in order to break even. The investment decision made by Lockheed to pursue the Tri Star program was not a reasonable one. A true value analysis shows that at the production level of 210 units, the project would result in an economic loss of $584.05 million and a profit loss of $480 million. In addition to miscalculating the break-even level of production, Lockheed management overestimated the growth rate of air travel industry.

Middle Child :: essays research papers

The Art of the Middle Child   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  What if you had the opportunity to see something you had never seen before. Would you take a camera? Would you go? Would you give it a thought? This is what goes through the mind of a person like me. More specifically a middle child, they put way too much thought into things. I am Josh, and I am a middle child. I’ve said it once and one more time wont hurt, being a middle child was hard let me tell you about me.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wouldn’t it be funny if we were taught from the top down, makes as much sense as building a house starting with the roof and ending with the foundations? Sometimes is done like this quite often, as a result we have a distinct variety of people known as â€Å"Middle Child Syndrome.† Middle Child Syndrome is not something that occurs often in a family, usually only once but it may happen more than once, I would pick up a book on the subject sometime if you are still curious after reading this. There are a lot of qualities that go into the recipe of making the middle child. Lets go into describing them in terms of myself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I have fought to keep an image of myself that I believe should be maintained. When something has come along in the past I have done what I could to keep what I could. A famous speaker once said: â€Å"I believe in coming out and being plain and honest with that which should be made public, and in keeping yourselves that which should be kept. If you have your weaknesses, keep them hid from your brethren as much as you can. You never hear me ask the people to tell their follies†¦ do not tell our nonsensical conduct that nobody knows of but yourselves.† Look at the third from last line, â€Å"†¦If you have your weaknesses, keep them hid from your brethren,†--keep them hid. I have pride in my honesty but I have made my mistakes. When I was the age of 11, approximately, I had taken my sister out for a walk. She was about 6 years old and had to be watched like a hawk. I had not got along wither for quite sometime and would blame things on her when we had disputes; everyone in my family had known that. Every time that something happened, I would find a way to pin the situation on my little sister.

The Physicists Essay -- Essays Papers

The Physicists The Physicists is a satiric play written by the Swiss author Friedrich DÃ ¼rrenmatt about three physicists who are living in the private sanatorium " Les Cerisiers " headed by the last living member of an old regional aristocratic family, Miss Dr. h.c. Dr. med. Mathilde Von Zahnd. The first one thinks he is Sir Isaac Newton, but he is in reality Herbert Georg Beutler, the second one thinks he is Albert Einstein and his real name is Ernst Heinrich Ernesti. The third physicist, Johann Wilhelm MÃ ¶bius is different, he has got no second identity but he is in this sanatorium because King Solomon speaks to him. We enter the play when many men are in the saloon. It is the place of a tragedy as Mr Ernesti has strangled a nurse. Mr. Beutler has also killed a nurse a couple of months ago. The inspector is slightly annoyed because he has to visit Les Cerisiers the second time during a short period of time and because he can’t speak to or take away the murderer . He is also expressing the wish of the public prosecutor that the sanatorium has to be taken over by male nurses because of the two murders by the two physicists. During the course of the play the personal and physical change is perceptible. Both the main characters and the environment are changing. For an example in act two, Herbert Georg Beutler alias Sir Isaac Newton turns out to be a long lost world famous physicist Alex Jasper Kilton who discovered the "Theory of Equivalents" also Albert Einstein alias...

Research Proposal †Brief Provisional Title Essay

Brief Provisional Title: To what extent does media reporting, during a two-month period in 2000 contribute to the vigilantes towards paedophiles. The main aims of the dissertation: It can be suggested amongst academic literature that much of the heightened attacks against paedophiles is media generated, generally the media is perceived as instigators of provoking and motivating heightened anxiety and vigilantes amongst the public domain (refer to Kitzinger, 1999b and Soothill, 1991). Ultimately it can be claimed that tabloid newspapers have led the way in the construction of the personification of paedophiles, often portraying them as ‘perverts’, ‘evil’ and ‘beasts’, reinforcing the public’s beliefs that paedophiles are somewhat a different species apart from ‘ordinary’ people. It can be platitude amongst academic commentators â€Å"that the newsprint media do more than merely reflect social reality† (Greer, 2003, P.44 ), the media can be accused of amplifying a moral panic or even cultivating a mob rule mentality through such conceptualisations. The print media potentially play an active role in criminological theory, too exemplify labelling theory. The labelling theory focuses on the premise that crime and criminal behaviour is a social process, that of the relationship between an individual who is defined as deviant and those who have the power to label such individual as deviant. These general propositions attribute the media as an important factor in such process, thus helping to construct the paedophile with a hate figure identity. The process by which labelling occurs has social and psychological implications on those who are labelled, which in my research is paedophiles. Embedded within such theory exists the belief that such individuals who are labelled are likely to incorporate the label within their self-image and such stigmatisation is likely to affect how they are treated by others in the future. Indeed Spencer, 1999 proclaims that â€Å"where paedophiles are hounded out, they will go underground† (Spencer , 1999, P.178). Such a theory will be applied into my dissertation to attempt to explain whether the labelling of paedophiles by the print media contribute to the vigilantes towards paedophiles. However throughout my research process there existed an identifiable relationship between the failures of legislation, in accordance to the protection of children and vigilante attacks towards paedophiles, as â€Å"people seem to have lost confidence in the system and have decided to take the law into their own hands† (David, 1997, P.20). But such a relationship will not be acknowledged within my research, as my aim is to examine the way in which paedophiles are represented and labelled through print media reporting. Examining such relationship between legislation and vigilante attacks would inevitably result in me exploring outside the realm of my research question. The central research question I wish to explore is: â€Å"To what extent does media reporting, during a two-month period contribute to the vigilantes towards paedophiles?† My initial hypothesis is that negative labelling of paedophiles perceived through the print media structure individuals perceptions. There also exists a certain complicity towards the way in which the print media reinforces or contributes people’s actions to act violently towards paedophiles. Reasons for undertaking research: Although I have never worked with sex offenders or with victims who have experienced such abuse, the desire to focus my dissertation on paedophiles originated from the tragic death of Sarah Payne in July 2000 by Roy Whiting, a previous convicted sex offender. What jilted my interest was the profound response of the public and media, which triggered a campaign for the implementation of ‘Sarah’s Law’. Such a campaign resulted in the actions of the Sunday newspaper, the News Of The World publicly naming and shaming convicted paedophiles. To me this is detrimental not only to children but also to paedophiles are they are likely to pose a greater risk to children. A great concern of mine is the way in which paedophiles are stereotypically represented by the media, as it notably feeds the hysteria of public fear and incites such hostility for lynch mob frenzy. Methodology and methods: To investigate the way in which paedophiles are portrayed in the print media and does such portrayal reinforce violent behaviour, I wish to examine both written text and visual images, thus resulting in my methodology consisting of a qualitative approach. My methodology will allow me to explore the ideological themes and stereotypical language embedded within such press report, evaluating whether conceptualisations of the paedophile incite a violent mentality. The source of documentation I wish to analyse in my methodology, will be from national newspapers from the year 2000, such as the News Of The World, The Sun, the Daily Mail and The Guardian, which will consist of a time framework of two months, preferably being the months July and August. I wish to explore these specific months as the newspaper, the News Of The World, in the summer of 2000 undertook such initiative to publicly name and shame convicted paedophiles. Examining newspapers during this period will inevitably provide me with a rich source of information to evaluate and analyse. Due to my study concentrating on a limited time framework and a specific theme it is fair to illustrate that my study will not represent the norm of the print media in relation to the way in which paedophiles are ascribed with such label, my study will only represent a fragment of the print media. However my intentions from my findings is to elucidate the representation of paedophiles within the print media and provide a rigorous analysis concerning the way in which the media militates violent behaviour towards paedophiles. Thus in relation to my research there may exist some difficulties I may encounter these may include, with respect to a paedophile report, me questioning to what extent a report featured in a newspaper is actually valid, which could result in my findings representing a misinterpretation of paedophiles. With respect to resources, I may encounter difficulties in relation to gaining access to newspaper articles from the year 2000. Some articles can be gained from UWCN Library but other articles from newspapers such as the News Of The World and The Sun may result in me researching beyond the UWCN library to libraries such as Cardiff or even paying to order back issues from the internet. Bibliography: David, M. (1997). Child Protection, Moral Outrage or Mob Rule? Community Care. 7 August, PP. 20-21. Greer, C. (2003). Sex Crime And The media, Cornwall: Willan Publishing. Kitzinger, J. (2002). The Ultimate Neighbour Form Hell? Stranger Danger And The Media Framing Paedophiles. In: Jewkes, Y and Letherby, G. Criminology: A reader, London: Sage Publications. McDonald, l. (2001). Sex Offender, The Home Office And the Sunday Papers, Journal of Social Welfare and family Law 23 (1), PP. 103-108. Reiner, R (2002). Media Made Criminality. In: Maguire, M and et-al. The Oxford Handbook Of Criminology, Oxford university press. Thomas, T. (2002). Sex Crime, Sex Offending And Society, Cornwall, Willan publishing. Tierney, J. (1996). Criminology, Theory And Context, England: Longman. White, R and Haines, F. (1996). Crime and Criminology, An Introduction, Oxford University Press.

The Davids A Comparison essays

The Davids A Comparison essays From 1430 to 1623A.D., four sculptures of the Biblical David were created. From the master artists Bernini, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Verrocchio came the most famous Davids of the world. Even though infinitely many were made, these surpass the others to become marvels that will live forever. The earliest of the Davids, is the work of Donatello(c.1430). This magnificent work is a life-size, nude, bronze, figure of David. The sculpture is portraying the scene after David has cut off the head of Goliath. His foot is raised on the severed head in a stance of contropposto. His sword is in the right hand with the stone in the left. This very smooth and natural looking sculpture was originally part of Medici courtyard and is the only David of the four created for a private collection. There are a few symbolic ingredients to this David. The style of the figure refers to antiquity for the balance and composition of the nude. Energy in the sculpture animates the emotions and is a new technique used in this David, once again showing qualities from antiquity. This energy is not used in the other figures. In addition, Donatellos David is said to host homosexual overtones, in the feministic appearance of the body and the stance. Overall, this version of the biblical hero is elegantly designed and the originality is fascinating. Verrocchios David (c.1473-75A.D.) greatly differs from those of the other artists. This statue was commissioned by the Medici family, like that of Donatellos. However, it was created for public display. It was in the Palazzo Vecchio, where it gained almost a republican or city-related meaning similar to the reputation that the David of Donatello gained, after it was also moved to the same site. The similarity stops here. The proudness shows that the hero was well capable of slaying the ...

Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay Example

Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay Example Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay Hydrogen sulphide colourless and flammable gas Essay 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfide or H sulphide ( H2S ) is a colourless and flammable gas, it has a high solubility in H2O and possesses the characteristic odor of icky eggs. H2S is a major constituent of natural gas and although it is found in little measures in normal air it occurs to a much greater extent in vents, hot springs and hydrothermal blowholes, which are countries on the sea bed place to legion bacteriums that utilise H2S and hence back up a battalion of beings. It is besides encountered in sewerage intervention workss, swine containment, and manure-handling operations and in any contained infinites in which organic stuff has decayed or in which inorganic sulfides exist under cut downing conditions ( Guidotti, 1996 ) . By far the largest industrial path to H2S occurs in crude oil refineries via thehydrodesulphurizationprocess which releases sulfur frompetroleumby the action of H ( Guidotti, 1996 ) . Besides being a byproduct to industrial and agricultural procedures H2S besides has valua ble applications in industry. Production of thioorganic compounds and alkali metal sulfides, which can be used to degrade polymers still depend on H2S. Besides, the gas had importance in analytical chemical science for over a century although it has been superseded by thioacetamide as a beginning of sulphide ions in little graduated table analysis. H2S is a extremely toxic compound with legion human deaths due to exposure, both inadvertent and premeditated. It exerts a figure of inauspicious effects on organic structure systems, although inspiration of up to 10 ppm H2S has little or no metabolic consequence on human voluntaries when resting or exerting ( Bhambhani et al. , 1996 A ; 1997 ) . However, higher concentrations of inhaled H2S ( up to 30 ppm ) can do sickness, purging, concern and shortness of breath whilst even greater exposures ( 150-250 ppm ) elicit respiratory tract annoyance and pneumonic hydrops ( Oesterhelweg and Puschel, 2008 ) . H2S is a powerful reduction agent. For illustration H2S reacts with and quenches the superoxide anion ( O2- ) every bit good as other reactive O species ( ROS ) ( Chang et al. , 2008 ) and sulfide is capable of cut downing cytochrome a3 every bit good as cytochromes c and a ( Nicholls and Kim, 1982 ) . H2S toxicity arises from adhering to cytochrome oxidase enzymes in a complex mechanism which consequences in a concluding inhibitory consequence resembling that of nitrile. Inhibition of the cytochrome degree Celsius oxidase enzyme involves an initial rapid reaction of sulphide oxidization and O uptake with a subsequent measure that reduces cytochrome a. In the concluding inhibitory measure sulphide binds reversibly to the heme aa3 site of cytochrome hundred oxidase ( Nicholls and Kim, 1982 ) accordingly suppressing mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and barricading the capacity for adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) production. Ultimately this disrupts cell respiration and metamorpho sis since ATP holds a cardinal function in metabolic reactions every bit good as other energy dependent procedures such as active conveyance and DNA synthesis. The intervention of H nitrile ( HCN ) toxic condition is successful utilizing methemoglobin, nevertheless this is non effectual in H2S poisoning despite the ferrous heme group of methemoglobin scavenging H2S. This gives rise to other mechanisms of H2S toxicity that involves depletion of GSH ( glutathione ) and activation of O to organize reactive O species that can take to hurtful effects ( Truong et al. , 2006 ) . 1.2 Nitric oxide and C monoxide established gasotransmitters Nitric oxide ( NO ) and C monoxide ( CO ) are gases that besides show toxicity in worlds. Both are found of course in the ambiance and besides as the consequence of human activities. CO reversibly binds the heme aa3 site of cytochrome hundred oxidase like H2S to irreversibly suppress mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. CO besides exhibits toxicity by adhering other haem-proteins such as cytochrome P450 and hemoglobin thereby capacity of O2 passenger car ( Piantadosi, 2002 ) . NO besides affects mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the same manner nevertheless it does so reversibly ( Li et al. , 2009 ) . Despite their toxicity NO and CO are of import go-betweens in physiological procedures and disease provinces and are produced endogenously. NO synthesis takes topographic point in the vascular endothelium with L-arginine moving as a substrate for the enzyme NO synthase ( NOS ) , of which three isoforms exist. Endothelial ( vitamin E ) NOS is constitutively expressed in endothelial cells and produces NO in response to physiological stimulations and emphasis, whereas inducible ( I ) NOS generates larger sums of NO in response to immunological stimulations and is transcriptionally regulated ( Palmer and Moncada, 1989 ) . Neuronal ( N ) NOS produces NO in the nervous system where it has a function in cell communicating ( Southan and Szabo 1996 ) . NO produced in the endothelium has a relaxatory consequence on vascular smooth musculus by triping soluble guanylate cyclase ( sGC ) which increases intracellular degrees of cyclic GMP triping protein kinase G, finally dephosphorylating myosin visible radiation concatenation kinase and loosen uping vascular smooth musculus to do vasodilatation ( Surks, 2007 ) . The endothelium affects smooth musculus by impacting cell proliferation and migration every bit good as keeping the balance between vasodilatation and vasoconstriction. Endothelial disfunction leads to the break of this balance and causes harm to the arterial wall, in the vasculature this is an early index to many cardiovascular diseases such as coronary artery disease, myocardial ischaemia and coronary arteria disease ( Herman and Moncada, 2005 ) . Despite legion other endothelial maps, endothelial disfunction has become synonymous with decreased biological activity of NO ( Yetik-Anacakand Catravas, 2006 ) , hence NO is an indispensable biological go-between that besides commanding vascular tone besides prevents cardiovascular disease. The synthesis of CO is mediated by heme oxygenase ( HO ) of which three isoforms exist, HO-1, HO-2 and HO-3 ( Wu and Wang 2005 ) . The HO enzymes catalyse the debasement of haem giving biliverdin, CO, and Fe as the concluding merchandises ( Kikuchi et al. , 2005 ) . HO-1 is an inducible enzyme whereas HO-2 is a constitutively expressed enzyme expressed extremely in the encephalon ( Leffler et al. , 2006 ) , the function of HO-3 is non as clearly defined as the other two isoforms. CO is a laggard go-between that can adhere to calcium ( Ca2+ ) -activated-potassium ( K+ ) -channels ( BKCa channels ) , promoting the Ca2+-channel sensitiveness opening BKCa channels and hyperpolarising the smooth musculus cell ( Leffler et al. , 2006 ) . 1.3 Hydrogen sulfide synthesis Although toxic, in recent decennaries H2S has been found to be produced endogenously in different tissues with its relevancy as a biologically active gas going evident. In mammalian tissues the procedure of H2S production is reliant upon two pyridoxal 5-phosphate ( PLP ) -dependent enzymes, cystathionine gamma-lyase ( CSE ) and cystathionine beta-synthase ( CBS ) , with other enzymes playing a function. L-cysteine is the lone known precursor of H2S in mammals, CSE and CBS are non merely responsible for its transition into H2S, they besides play a function in the production of L-cysteine ( Fig1 ) . CBS catalyzes the condensation reaction between homocysteine ( Hcy ) and serine to organize cystathionine. CSE hydrolyses cystathionine to organize L-cysteine which now contains the sulfur atom from Hcy, and a-ketobutyrate ( Stipanuk and Ueki, 2009 ) . The same desiccation reaction that CBS catalyses to bring forth cystathionine is employed to bring forth H2S endogenously, the lone difference being the replacing of serine with L-cysteine under physiological conditions. Other alternate reactions catalyzed by CBS seem to do a undistinguished part of L-cysteine to desulphuration ( Singh et al. , 2009 ) . In worlds CSE combines L-cysteine with H2O to bring forth serine, pyruvate, NH3 and H2S ( Chen et al. , 2004 ) . H2S exerts a negative feedback consequence on the activity of these enzymes by suppressing CSE activity and besides suppressing the rate of gluconeogenesis from L-cysteine ( Wang, 2002 ) and in add-on CBS activity is mediated by Ca2+ and calmodulin, its activity is suppressed by calmodulin-specific inhibitors ( Eto et al. , 2002 ) . CSE appears to be the outstanding enzyme responsible for bring forthing H2S in mammalian systemic vass ( Szabo, 2007 ) , bring forthing H2S in vascular smooth musculus cells but non in the endot helium ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) Activity of CSE is besides noteworthy in the liver and kidney ( Ishii et al. , 2004 ) . CBS messenger RNA is extremely expressed in the encephalon, particularly in the hippocampus, while CSE messenger RNA is non noticeable ( Abe and Kimura, 1996 ) , in add-on Eto et al. , ( 2002 ) province that CBS is the lone enzyme that produces H2S in the encephalon and this enzyme is besides expressed in peripheral nervousnesss. Brain homogenates of CBS-knockout mice green goods H2S at degrees similar to those of wild-type mice, proposing the presence of another H2S-producing enzyme. 3-mercaptopyruvate sulphurtransferase ( 3MST ) along with cysteine transaminase ( CAT ) are found to bring forth H2S in the encephalon from the precursor 3-mercaptopyruvate ( 3MP ) , which is synthesised from L-cysteine and a-ketoglutarate by CAT ( Shibuya et al. , 2009 ) . In add-on, 3MST and CAT are localised to endothelial cells of the thoracic aorta, although merely 3MST is present in vascular smooth musculus cells ( Shibuya et al. , 2009 ) . Another less of import endogenous beginning of H2S is the non-enzymatic decrease of elemental sulfur to H2S utilizing cut downing equivalents obtained from the oxidization of glucose ( Searcy and Lee, 1998 ) 1.4 Endogenous effects of H sulfide 1.5 Brain and nervous system At physiological concentrations the map of H2S in the encephalon is to modify long term potentiation ( LTP ) ( Abe and Kimura, 1996 ) . This is a long permanent sweetening in signal transmittal between twoneuronsthat consequences from exciting them at the same time and is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlieslearningandmemory ( Cooke and Bliss, 2006 ) . In add-on, H2S can be locally and transiently increased in response to neural excitement thenceforth stamp downing excitant postsynaptic potencies ( EPSPs ) ( Abe and Kimura, 1996 ) . H2S marks NMDA receptors in the encephalon to heighten NMDA receptor-mediated currents and ease the initiation of hippocampal LTP. H2S modulates NMDA receptors and enhances the initiation of LTP by increasing production of camp and triping protein kinase A resulting in the activation of NMDA-receptor-mediated excitant postsynaptic currents in neural and glial cells every bit good as oocytes ( Kimura, 1999 ; Wang, 2002 ) . The CBS cistron is encoded on chromosome 21, a part associated with Down syndrome and as a consequence it has been proposed that over production of H2S may be involved in the cognitive disfunction associated with Down syndrome ( Kamoun, 2001 ) . In Alzheimer s disease topics have abnormally low degrees of H2S due to alterations in the look of CBS ( Kamoun, 2004 ) . Uniting this cognition with the fact that polymorphism of the CBS cistron is significantly underrepresented in kids with high IQ compared with those with mean IQ suggests a function for CBS and hence H2S in cognitive map ( Kimura, 2002 ) . 1.6 Endocrine system Much is known about the function of ATP-regulated K+ channels in commanding the map of insulin releasing pancreatic A ; szlig ; cells. Rat insulinoma cells transfected with CSE or given H2S exogenously both showed reduced insulin release whereas CSE inhibitors caused an addition in insulin release ( Yang et al. , 2005 ) . 1.7 Inflammation The consequence of H2S in redness is combative. Experiments on mice with caecal ligation and puncture ( CLP ) -induced sepsis found that H2S significantlyaggravated sepsis-associated systemic redness whereas CSE inhibitors significantly reduced sepsis-associatedsystemic redness ( Zhang et al. , 2006 ) . Furthermore mice injected with LPS ( E. coli lipopolysaccharide ) , a go-between of redness, that were so administered with H2S showed an addition in lung redness and raised plasma TNF-alpha concentration. Conversely in mice given a CSE inhibitor marked anti-inflammatory activity was observed. In separate experiments worlds with infected daze showed higher degrees of plasma H2S than normal ( Li et al. , 2005 ) . H2S givers reduceoedemaformation andleukocyteadherence to thevascular endothelium and can increase the opposition of thegastric mucosato hurt and accelerate fix. In add-on increasedbiosynthesisof H2S has been demonstrated in carnal theoretical accounts of infected, endotoxic andhaemorrhagic daze, pancreatitisand carrageenan-evoked hindpaw hydrops in rats. In each instance, pharmacological suppression of H2Sbiosynthesisis anti-inflammatory ( Wallace 2007 ; Li et al. , 2006 ) . 1.8 Cardiac map H2S shows negative inotropic effects in rat myocardial tissue ( Geng et al. , 2004 ) but at the same clip plays a cardioprotective function. H2S produced in the bosom protected against harm following coronary artery judicial proceeding in rats ( Zhu et al. , 2007 ) and besides has a function in angiogenesis, a procedure whereby new blood vass are grown. The mechanism behind this procedure seems to be related to activation of Akt ( Cai et al. , 2007 ) 1.9 Vasculature H2S is by and large regarded as a smooth musculus relaxant that increases the quality of blood vass later doing a lessening in blood force per unit area. H2S has been shown to do vasorelaxation in stray rat aorta, stomachic arteria and portal vena ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ; Zhao et al. , 2001 ) and besides in perfused rat mesenteric ( Cheng et al. , 2004 ) , but non coronary vascular beds ( Johansen et al. , 2006 ) . The relaxatory consequence is besides reported in different species of rat mice aortal rings and mesenteric arteria every bit good as bovine arteria ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Yang et al. , 2008 ) . In add-on to this the same consequence is seen in other invertebrates ( Dombkowski et al. , 2005 ) . However at that place seems to be marked species and vascular bed differences in the response to H2S. For illustration H2S causes a relaxation in stray rat pneumonic arterias ( Wang et al. , 2008 ) but in bovid pneumonic arterias it caused a contraction ( Dombk owski et al. , 2005 ) . In add-on a contraction response has been reported in rat aortal rings ( Kubo et al. , 2007 ; Koenitzer et al. , 2007 ; Ali et al. , 2006 ) and a double vasodilative and vasoconstrictive consequence of H2S has besides been observed in the human internal mammary arteria ( Elsey et al. , 2010 ) . The relaxatory response of H2S is largely due to its gap of ATP-regulated K+ channels in vascular smooth musculus cells ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) which causes hyperpolarisation of the cell membrane and closes voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, later diminishing the concentration of Ca2+ within vascularsmooth musculus cells ( Wilson et al. , 2005 ) . This decreases the contractility of the smooth musculus cells which contract via protein kinase A and myosin visible radiation concatenation kinase ( MLCK ) activation in the presence of increased intracellular Ca2+ . The application of the NOS inhibitor L-NAME or the co-application of Ca2+-dependent K+ channel blockers and the remotion of the endothelium attenuated the vasorelaxant consequence of H2S ( Zhao and Wang, 2002 ) . The relaxation induced by H2S is partly endothelium dependant and mediated by the release of NO and any vasoconstrictive consequence observed with H2S is the consequence of suppressing the NOS enzyme involved in the tract of NO production ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ) . This indicates that the mechanism of relaxation associated with H2S does non merely affect ATP-regulated K+ channels, and the release of NO, EDHF ( endothelial-derived hyperpolarising factor ) or the effects of H2S on ATP production and cell pH might besides lend to its vasoactivity. The short continuance of the hypotensive consequence of H2S could be attributed to the scavenging of H2S by metalloproteins, disulfide-containing proteins, thio-S-methyl-transferase and heme compounds ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Apart from impacting vas qualities H2S may besides forestall diseases in the vasculature. Its angiogenic and cut downing belongingss coupled with its ability to suppress hypochlorite-induced alteration of LDL, an of import measure in atherogenesis, makes H2S a subscriber to the bar of coronary artery disease ( Laggner et al. , 2007 ) . 2.0 AIM This undertaking aimed to analyze the effects of H2S in mammalian vasculature specifically utilizing porcine tissue since much of the current literature is based on rats and mice. We besides aimed to find the mechanisms of its action, and whether endogenous production of H2S was apparent in these vass. 5.0 DISSCUSSION When gassed with Carbogen or 95 % air, 5 % CO2 NaHS caused a variable response at low concentrations, normally a little contraction, followed by a big vasorelaxation at higher concentrations. This was occured in all experiments where NaHS was being cumulatively added regardless of any other substances being present ( Fig 2, 3a, 3b, 4, 7a, 7b and 8 ) . This observation is consistent with current literature which province that H2S elicits smooth musculus relaxation in rat aorta, stomachic arteria and portal vena ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ; Zhao et al. , 2001 ) and besides in perfused rat mesenteric arteria ( Cheng et al. , 2004 ) . The same consequence is besides seen in other invertebrates ( Dombkowski et al. , 2005 ) . The little contraction prior to the big relaxation is non something uncommon. ( Zhoa et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ) study this contraction which may be the consequence of H2S suppressing the NOS enzymes that produce NO. Numerous articles account for the engagement of ATP-sensitive K+ channels with the relaxation of H2S ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ; Wang 2002 and 2004 ) and have proved this by cut downing the relaxant effects of H2S by adding glibenclamide ( Kubo et al. , 2010 ) . In add-on to this H2S induced vasorelaxation is inhibited by high concentrations of TEA proposing the engagement of non-specific K+ channels ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Besides, different blockers for KCa or Kv channels fail to impact the vascular effects of H2S ( Nelson and Quayle, 1995 ) , so the relaxation caused by H2S occurs largely by opening ATP-sensitive K+ channels ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . However our observations with glibenclamide and TEA did non correlate with these surveies. It has besides been hypothesised that the mechanism of H2S induced vasorelaxation involves the endothelium and NO. H2S might move as a hyperpolarizing factor, of which the consequence is amplified by the endothelium ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) and portion of the relaxation caused by H2S is endothelium dependent and mediated by the release of NO and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing ( EDHF ) from the endothelium ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . Alternatively, endothelium-derived vasorelaxant factors may be released by H2S as L-NAME was reported to suppress the consequence of EDHF and reduced H2S induced vasorelaxation ( Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Doughty et al. , 1999 ) . Besides, the presence of an integral endothelium might retain H2S in the blood vas wall so that its vasorelaxant consequence can be potentiated and prolonged ( Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . On the contrary H2S has been found to well loosen up vascular tissues after endothelium remotion and there is no important difference in the consequence of H2S in the thoracic aorta with and without endothelial cells, proposing that the part of the endothelium to the relaxatory consequence of exogenic H2S must be low ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . This is consistent with our findings since there was no important difference in response to NaHS between endothelium denuded and endothelium integral vass. However, when utilizing 95 % air, 5 % CO2 gassing conditions in endothelium denuded tissues there was a inclination for a greater vasorelaxation and the initial contractile response at low NaHS concentrations was abolished. This may be due to H2S releasing of a factor from the endothelium that causes vasoconstriction such as endothelin or prostaglandins ( Flower et al. , 2007 ) . Alternatively, the contraction may be due to the wipe uping up of a vasorelaxant released fr om the endothelium. For illustration NO, since incubation of H2S with NO or NO givers leads to the formation of nitrosothiol ( Whiteman et al. , 2006 ) . We found this non to be the instance since L-NAME did non hold the same consequence as endothelium remotion. However, NO regulates the endogenous degrees of H2S in vascular tissues by straight increasing CSE activity ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) since CSE contains 12 cysteine residues that are possible marks for S-nitrosation, which may heighten the activity of CSE ( Koenitzer et al. , 2007 ) . In add-on, NO up regulates the look of CSE and by increasing the activity of cGMP dependent protein kinases can in bend stimulate CSE ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Furthermore H2S induces vasorelaxation which is partly attenuated by encirclement of NO synthase ( Kimura 2010 ) and by direct suppression of NO utilizing L-NAME ( Kubo et al. , 2010 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ) . Although the relaxation consequence of H2S entirely is weak, there is a synergism between NO and H2S on vascular smooth musculus relaxation ( Hosoki et al. , 1997 ) . Our surveies failed to demo an interaction between NO and H2S despite all literature on the subject bespeaking that a important difference should hold been observed. Exogenously applied L-cysteine causes a concentration dependent relaxation of strips of human principal cavernosum. L-cysteine induced relaxation is suppressed by a CSE inhibitor, PPG ( Kimura, 2010 ) . Our tissue readyings were unable to bring forth H2S from L-cysteine despite it being the lone known precursor to H2S and CSE being the lone known H2S bring forthing enzyme in the fringe ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ; Szabo, 2007 ) . As a consequence the outlook would hold been a response in the control and AOA experiments ( CBS inhibitor ) but these tissues were besides unable to bring forth H2S. This may be due to a deficiency of cofactors or effecters necessary for CSE and CBS activity such as pyridoxal-phosphate ( PLP ) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine. However, in a survey conducted on rat coronary arteria there was no statistically important consequence in response to the add-on of NaHS or L-cysteine ( Johansen et al. , 2006 ) so this may be a characteristic of mammalian coronary arteria. This leads us to believe that the mechanism of H2S vasorelaxation that we observed does non affect K+ channels, be they non-specific or ATP-dependant, and that neither NO or the endothelium have any engagement in loosen uping vascular smooth musculus in porcine coronary arteria. The big relaxation we observe may be the consequence of toxicity ; this is plausible because the normal scope of H2S in vascular tissues is ( BLA BLA BLA. ) . Indeed the relaxatory consequence of H2S is chiefly due to the direct consequence on ATP-sensitive K+ channels nevertheless every bit mentioned before H2S is toxic and can suppress metamorphosis via suppression of cytochrome hundred oxidase ( Nicholls and Kim, 1982 ) . It can therefore cut down the intracellular concentration of ATP which is needed for actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling and finally smooth musculus contraction ( Beauchamp et al. , 1984 ) . In add-on, GSH normally acts as an antioxidant to take ROS but it in the presence of H2S there is an surplus of ROS which is a natural by merchandise of metamorphosis, this leads to damage of DNA, oxidization of specific enzymes by oxidization of co-factors and lipid peroxidation ( Truong et al. , 2006 ) . The relaxation at higher concentrations of NaHS is besides transeunt and attenuates near to its basal degree before add-on of the concluding NaHS aliquot. The ground for this short continuance of relaxation could be attributed to the scavenging of H2S by metalloproteins, disulfide-containing proteins, thio-S-methyl-transferase and heme compounds ( Zhao et al. , 2001 ) . Besides the direct consequence of H2S on ATP-sensitive K+ channels doing relaxation it may besides be the consequence of its toxicity, since the decrease in ATP may be the cause of the evident addition in ATP-sensitive K+ channel currents produced by H2S. This is supported by the fact that metabolic inhibitors produce a glibenclamide-sensitive vasodilatation in guinea hog coronary arterias ( Daut et al. , 1990 ) . Although there was no important difference in response to NaHS in 95 % air compared to 95 % O2, a p value of 0.0931 for the peak contractions indicates a definite tendency for the tissues to contract more in a less oxygenated environment until the highest concentration is added where they behave likewise. One ground for this is that H2S catalyzes the release of NO from S-nitrosoglutathione in an O2 dependant mode ( Koenitzer et al. 2007 ) , so in low O2 degrees this procedure is non a marked giving a little contraction. It is possible that possibly with more experiments we would bring out a important difference between the responses in 95 % air compared to 95 % O2. The fact that the vass responded likewise to the concluding add-on of NaHS ( peak relaxation of -33 Â ± 9 % and 28 Â ± 20 % in 95 % air and 95 % O2 severally ) is farther grounds that the relaxation is chiefly due to the toxic effects of H2S. 6.0 Decision Harmonizing to our informations H2S causes a little contraction at low concentrations by suppressing the NOS enzymes and forestalling by the release of NO from S-nitrosoglutathione, at higher concentrations it causes a transeunt big relaxation which is the consequence of the toxicity of H2S. We are lead to this decision because there was no statistically important informations to propose the engagement of K+ channels, NO or the endothelium. The literature on H2S in the vasculature suggests otherwise and states that the relaxation induced by H2S comprises a minor endothelium dependent consequence and major direct consequence on smooth musculus, and that the consequence is mediated by the gap of ATP-sensitive K+ channels. In add-on to this the presence of CSE but non CBS moving on L-cysteine has been shown in the vasculature, and NO has been found to play a function by increasing CSE look and exciting it ( Zhoa et al. , 2001 ; Cheng et al. , 2004 ; Zhao and Wang 2002 ; Johansen et al. , 2006 ; Szabo, 2007 ) . However, all but two of the diaries mentioned in this thesis really experimented on coronary arterias and of the two that did ( Johansen et al. , 2006 ; Daut et al. , 1990 ) neither were porcine. As a consequence our findings in the porcine coronary arteria are plausible. The consequence of H2S is now a good documented country, peculiarly in the vasculature and encephalon, but at present the information that exists has been carried out on a figure of different animate beings such as rats, mice, cattles and fish. Of these animate beings the consequence in different species and vascular beds has been investigated, and as such it is a challenge to to the full categorize the consequence of H2S in the vasculature with the differences that arise with informations coming from such a assortment of beginnings.

Fictional and Fictitious

Fictional and Fictitious Fictional and Fictitious Fictional and Fictitious By Maeve Maddox Websters Unabridged Dictionary gives the same definition for both fictional and fictitious: of, relating to, characterized by, or suggestive of fiction. Fiction, of course, is anything untrue, whether its a lie or a novel. Websters gives six definitions for fiction, among them: 1 : the act of creating something imaginary : a fabrication of the mind 2 a : an intentional fabrication : a convenient assumption that overlooks known facts in order to achieve an immediate goal b : an unfounded, invented, or deceitful statement 3 a : fictitious literature (as novels, tales, romances) b : a work of fiction; especially : NOVEL Making a distinction between fictional and fictitious, however, is both useful and customary. Fictional tends to be used in talking about fiction in the sense of creative writing: Alice in Wonderland is a fictional character created by the mathematician Charles Dodgson. Fictitious tends to carry a negative connotation and is used to denote fiction associated with dishonesty: The man used a fictitious resumà © to obtain the job. We praise Ken Follett for writing a fictional account of the building of a cathedral, but we condemn a journalist who incorporates fictitious elements in a news story. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Slang Terms for MoneyAt Your DisposalWhat Is the Meaning of "Hack?"

Alternate Forms of Assessment for Special Population Research Paper

Alternate Forms of Assessment for Special Population - Research Paper Example Community provides what such students expect in real world. For instances a minor should be ready to be put in a normal school setting, the playground and home; on the other hand, an adult should be put in a grown-up setting like a bank, a store or an office. Gauging such a student’s skill in every perspective from educational to physical outdoor skills. Any skill that requires integration. For instance, assessing personal and social skills individually from independence and liability would create room for redundant effort, and potentially resulting in reinforced focus on isolated skills. The embracing of continuous keeping of records for such students at all stages. Such a method would result in more accurate and reliable progressive or retrogressive efforts on the part of the student. Those students with severe hurdles have a higher variability in their skills from those without disabilities or minute disabilities on a daily basis. As such, seasonal skills could only be visi ble with time. The institutions dealing with such students should include, as a mandatory measure, supports and adaptations, and train the students to use them. The school system should avail devices, trained personnel and any other necessary support to enable the learners to function as independently as possible. Such a recommendation has been proved worthy in practice in Kentucky in that it drives effective school and classroom practice (Kleinert, Kennedy, & Kearns, 1999). On a personal note, of the above suggestion, I would be of a higher degree of agreement with number (ii). In a situation whereby an individual is disadvantaged, there always is the possibility of his/her worth in other life sphere. Just like it is said that disability is not inability, it has been proven over time that individuals with physical or mental challenges could still have a great unexploited talent. For instance, in Olympics there is the Paralympics category. There also are the Special Olympics for phy sically and mentally challenged athletes. The Most Beneficial Recommendations Recommendation number (IV) would be much realistic and would bear much expected positive results without having to continuously strain for such results. It would be highly ignorant when there is a standard meant to be attained in terms of result over a given period. Only those individuals who possess a high degree of irresponsibility and inhumane nature would set a goal for a disabled individual and not provide an environment that would make such a goal either realistic or easily achievable for such an individual. Assessing Students with Cognitive Disabilities In as far as dealing with a challenged student is concerned, there should exist laid down and visible lucrative incentives in the society for them and this could be achieved only when they compete with the other not challenged individuals. It should not just be in sports but also intellectually. Disabled individuals who achieve such targets, for exam ple, a very lucrative and well paying job in the society, act as role models and inspirations to the others. Zatta's article on Alternate Assessment for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities :Implication for Educators, would be best to be termed as a much sought educational tool needed by any reformist wanting to transform the way the significantly cognitive disabled students are assessed and

Human Resources Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Human Resources Management - Research Paper Example Then by knowing who needs the training, there is a significant assessment of the need of the participants of the training (p.181). By finding their prevailing potential or capacity, the actual design for training would be remarkably considered based on each of their actual and individual needs. In addition, by finding what subjects should the training cover is another important way on how to assess the need for training (p.181). In order for the entire training to be effective, it is appropriate to only include subjects that are essentials or highly needed. There are three categories of training methods that are widely used in human resource management which include presentation methods, hands-on methods, and group-building methods (p.189). Presentation methods are designed to be more educational for the purpose of acquiring substantial facts, ideas or information which could be obtained from lectures, DVDs and other relevant presentations. The good thing about these training methods is that individuals could personally learn from various forms of presentations different from hands-on and group building methods. For hands-on methods, the goal is to expose the participants or individuals to actual training programs such as role playing, simulations and on-the-job trainings. The difference found in these methods compared with the presentation methods is the occurrence of actual immersion in which there is a need to facilitate learning through concrete training activities so as to help enhance skills for instance. There are also actual ac tivities involved in group-building methods, but these are most likely about enhancing group or team’s participation, to establish performance of the entire group or team. How to evaluate the success of a training program is another important consideration in the human resource management. Before anything else, it is important to include the idea that the associated goals of the training program should be

Native Guard Poems By Natasha Trethewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Native Guard Poems By Natasha Trethewey - Essay Example The poem profoundly conveys her heart for the blacks in rich voice texture and images of truths concerning the battles not only against slavery for the fellow blacks but even with the unsettled issue of freedom that appears detached from the desired racial equality. â€Å"Native Guard† begins with an epigraph attributed to the 19th century social reformer and statesman Frederick Douglass stating â€Å"... if this war is to be forgotten, I ask in the name of all things sacred what shall men remember?† in reference to the Civil War which Trethewey revitalizes with her literary design. Utilizing ten stanzas each bearing distinct date, the poet pays tribute to one member of the Louisiana Native Guards being â€Å"the first officially sanctioned regiment of black soldiers in the Union Army.† With reference to the first line where the speaker expresses  Ã¢â‚¬ Truth be told, I do not want to forget†, the native guard himself is shown to have gathered to his sen sibility an essential contemplation of the past, adding â€Å"†¦I thought to carry with me / want of freedom though I had been freed, / remembrance not constant recollection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . ... s and ends with a memory wherein the last line of each sonnet becomes a variant of the subsequent sonnet's opening line, as in a meaningful chronology of historical events. Since â€Å"Native Guard† is a first-person narrative supposedly by an unnamed ex-slave in an all-black regiment of the Union Army, the lines can be observed to possess stately approach to language and structure. Within the poem’s context is the presence of circularity depicting circumstantial shifts as one finds the former slave guarding the imprisoned inside the Union fort at Mississippi’s Ship Island. Comparing his personal life in relation to his professional life as a military officer who look after welfare of the fallen rebels, he states – I now use ink to keep record, a closed book, not the lure of memory — flawed, changeful — that dulls the lash for the master, sharpens it for the slave. For the slave, having a master sharpens the bend into work, the way the sergea nt moves us now to perfect battalion drill, dress parade. Trethewey’s style of writing in â€Å"Native Guard† is characteristic of a speaker’s tone or at least, a sound representative of the way speech is made in the culture or group the narrator has become a part of. Like journal entries, the words are phrased and constructed in a manner that indirectly yet effectively states the type of sentiments involved and along the following lines, the bitterness may be sensed with the drop of the last two words – †¦We’re called supply units - not infantry – and so we dig trenches, haul burdens for the army no less heavy than before. I heard the Colonel call it Nigger work†¦ Often, the work celebrates not only the factual details which history is not made to confront or disclose but also the most excruciating truths that

Schindler's List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Schindler's List - Essay Example This essay focuses on the use of expression within the film, that is one which is able to create a specific response by using various techniques. It is the use of cinematic effects that allows the film to have specific meaning and to create a relationship to the spectator. When reviewing â€Å"Schindler’s List,† it can be seen that the specific techniques in the movie make a difference in the impact that is felt with the horrors of the Holocaust. The ability for the director to adapt the film from the book to the screen is reliant on these techniques to convey the same message as the book. Instead of using the literature as a direct statement on film, there are interpretations of the descriptions of the literature, specifically to create the same impact that is on the film that is in the book and which relates to the Holocaust. The similarities between these two come from the main goal of creating a memory of the Holocaust while presenting an emotional understanding of the tragedies which occurred and how this was associated with the main ideologies of the time frame. However, the book is able to present the information with details, layout of characters and scenes, and with personal associations and details that are described. In the movie, there is a shorter period of time, which leads to cuts and changes of the plot and the characters. While both are effectively able to show the tragedies of the Holocaust, the movie and text differ in the techniques which are used and the overall presentation which is created through the war.

Safety before and Since OSHA Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Safety before and Since OSHA - Research Paper Example Unfortunately, there is a minimal amount of information available in regards to workplace safety history, because in the late 1800’s industrial labor employers simply did not care about it. Often, the risks in the 19th century were from the use of animals, ladders and hand tools. In the industrial era, steam engines were used to replace these items (Aldrich, 2010). There is no definitive example of the industrial revolution’s dangers increasing, although it is suspect that the United States was more hazardous than other countries. This is due for the most part because of the circumstances of the country itself. Through the invention of new machinery and processes that saved time and money, these new technologies were borne from an intense need of the American people. Thus, the production techniques that were invented were both beneficial and hazardous. Anyone hurt while working or the family of a worker killed would likely sue the company for compensation for these inju ries or death. Actually winning the case was nearly impossible. The employer was often aptly able to prove that the individual understood and assumed the risks, was himself at fault for his own injury, or that another employee was at fault for the accident, because of the lack of proper documentation. Often, the court would rule in favor of the employer, leaving the employee and his family with the expenses and difficulties. This methodology proved to be invaluable to the employer, because accidents and fatalities were so cheap the industrial machinery and development required little reverence to the employees or their safety (Fishback and Kantor, 2000). Probably the most well known as a dangerous occupation is coal mining. In the late 1800’s, the mining of coal was lucrative. Often, these men were paid by the ton of coal they were able to produce, so often safety was less important than production. Without high production rates, the miner would not receive much pay. The same holds true in the building of the railroad systems. There were few workers, the distances that needed to be traveled were immense and the trains could haul more freight than conventional methods. These trains required men to stand between each of the cars so hook and unhook them as well as work the brake system. Given the lack of workers and the wages the few employed were paid, the railroads had to cut corners where they could, which was pay and labor. This led to poorly made railroads, few safety signals and many accidents occurring due to these conditions (Aldrich, 1997). For the majority, the response to the lack of safety was simply walking away from the job. Although there were many people interested in the safety and health of the workforce, they had no pull over any of the companies that employed workers in a hazardous job. It was not until the Safety Appliance Act of 1893 (United States code, 1893) that safety began to take the forefront in the American labor force. Althou gh it was small, it was a start, which subsequently allowed for the government’s establishment of new laws protecting laborers. In 1908, Congress passed a law that allowed an employee to file a claim of injury or fatality, which cost the employers 10 times what it did in the past. This increase in the costs to the company of a liability claim increased awareness and concerns for worker and workplace

Schindler's List Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Schindler's List - Essay Example This essay focuses on the use of expression within the film, that is one which is able to create a specific response by using various techniques. It is the use of cinematic effects that allows the film to have specific meaning and to create a relationship to the spectator. When reviewing â€Å"Schindler’s List,† it can be seen that the specific techniques in the movie make a difference in the impact that is felt with the horrors of the Holocaust. The ability for the director to adapt the film from the book to the screen is reliant on these techniques to convey the same message as the book. Instead of using the literature as a direct statement on film, there are interpretations of the descriptions of the literature, specifically to create the same impact that is on the film that is in the book and which relates to the Holocaust. The similarities between these two come from the main goal of creating a memory of the Holocaust while presenting an emotional understanding of the tragedies which occurred and how this was associated with the main ideologies of the time frame. However, the book is able to present the information with details, layout of characters and scenes, and with personal associations and details that are described. In the movie, there is a shorter period of time, which leads to cuts and changes of the plot and the characters. While both are effectively able to show the tragedies of the Holocaust, the movie and text differ in the techniques which are used and the overall presentation which is created through the war.

Professional Workplace Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Professional Workplace Dilemma - Essay Example Johnson; the cashier identified my local police department badge and concluded that we were police officers. She could not have known our identities if it were not for the badge since we were dressed in civilian clothes. The cashier, Ms. Swansea, told me that I did not have to pay because I was from the local police department. This was a difficult situation because the courtesy would have meant money in my pocket, but due to the police department code of ethics for all personnel, I could not accept the gratuity. I paid the waitress the total amount for the food in a tip so that I would not be breaking company policy regarding gratuity and I did not want to offend the cashier. Analysis of the dilemma This scenario challenged my virtues as a human being and my loyalty to the Ethics that govern the operations of the law enforcement officers. There was a distinct difference between me as a law enforcement officer and the cashier. As a law enforcement officer, I am endowed with powers an d authority that come with holding such an office. Such powers can only be necessary in circumstances that the law allows. For instance, as a law enforcement officer, I have the power to interrogate and interview suspects in connection to their alleged crimes (Clark, 1970). I have powers and authority to use legal means to make suspects confess their crimes in order to advance the promotion of Justice to victims of the alleged crime, for instance, applying detention laws to confine suspects in accordance to the law. On the other hand, the cashier has no authority and power in comparison with the law enforcement officers. The cashier, Ms. Swansea, is an employee with the duty of serving clients and receiving cash from them. She has no authority outside her cafe. The ethics in question are: As a law enforcement officer, it is my duty to serve the community and to protect lives and property of innocent people against dishonest acts, and protect the weak against oppression and/or intimi dation (Scheb and Scheb, 2011). In the above scenario, the nature of the office I held intimidated the cashier who, thus, offered me the free meal. It is my responsibility as a law enforcement officer to protect the weak against intimidation, and Ms. Swansea as well. If I had accepted the offer, I would have gone against the codes of conduct and ethics that guide law enforcement officers. As law enforcement officers, it is our duty not to permit personal prejudices, personal feelings and political beliefs to influence our decisions and never to accept gratuities due to the office I am holding (H.M.S.O, 1985). Ms. Swansea offered a gratuity to me in the form of not paying for the meal. Had I accepted the offer, I would have betrayed the law enforcement officer’s code of conducts. As law enforcement officers, it is our duty to take the badge of the office as a symbol of faith from the public. It is a public trust that law enforcement officers hold (Scheb and Scheb, 2011). Thus, it is unacceptable for police officers to accept bribes or engage in corruption due to the opportunities that the office they hold presents. In this case, had I

Goal and Phoenix Career Services Essay Example for Free

Goal and Phoenix Career Services Essay My Career Plan: Work Culture Preference states that I am an ethical well-resourced expert. Based on over one-hundred questions given that narrow down what I would like in an ideal job setting, I had only the choices of not at all or more likely. Knowing my ideal work culture not only would allow me to benefit my organization to achieve goals but will also allow me to achieve personal goals as well. I’m excited to find the work culture preference results returned that being ethical was the first of the three qualities it defined me as. Emphasis on fairness and equal rights has always been important to me, I believe that my timed served in the Navy is a reinforcing factor in that you should not segregate by gender, ethnicity or cultures. There should be no one person that is looked at as inferior or not qualified to complete any task assigned. I would look for the people who would not be afraid to express themselves freely and contribute their thoughts and ideas to better the organization. Navigate to My Career Plan in Phoenix Career Services through the link on the student website. Complete the Career Plan Building Activity: Work Culture Preferences. Explore the resources in the Phoenix Career Services and My Career Plan. Answer the following questions, in at least 350 words, about your work culture preference and the resources in Phoenix Career Services: †¢Were you surprised by your results †¢What resources in the My Career Plan and Phoenix Career Services site did you find that could help you in your career preparations †¢How did the work culture preferences relate to your personal competencies from Week Two? Submit your answers to your facilitator. Individual University Library Research Resources: Appendix E; University Library Interactive Tutorial Locate the University Library by logging on to the student website, selecting Library, and clicking University Library. Find two articles in the University Library about one (or a combination) of the following topics: †¢Career planning †¢Distance learning †¢Ensuring academic honesty †¢Effective personal goal setting †¢Time management skills for college students Use a periodicals database, such as EBSCOhost, to find each article. Review Appendix E for information about using the databases. Practice using the Boolean and wildcard strategies you learned about in the University Library tutorial. Cite each article so it can be found again. You can use the Citation Generator on the Center for Writing Excellence site. Summarize each article briefly in 2 to 3 sentences. If there are specific opinions or facts, document them. Answer these questions about each article: †¢What keyword search led you to this particular article? †¢Why did you choose this article over the others the keyword search also found? Post the article information and summaries for both articles. www. bignerds. com

Tourism Issues in Egypt

Tourism Issues in Egypt This essay outlines tourism in Egypt and identifies the key issues surrounding tourism in Egypt and the consequences of tourism in Egypt. The essay discusses the positive and negative effects of tourism in Egypt and will consider ways in which any problems that tourism presented in Egypt might be addressed. Tourism in Egypt has a long history, thanks to the lure of tales of mummies and curses. People are still fascinated to see places such as the Valley of the Kings and the many and various temples and architecture that Egypt has to offer, in addition to the obligatory trip to the pyramids, down the Nile, and the visit to Cairo’s many museums. In addition, in recent decades, tourism to Egyptian beach resorts has also become popular, as these offer great opportunities for such activities as snorkelling and wind-surfing. These many opportunities for tourism in Egypt present many different problems to the ministry that is responsible for managing tourism within Egypt: a different approach to tourism management is required for the tombs in the Valley of the Kings than for the beach resorts, for example. Managing tourism within a country such as Egypt is also complicated by the fact that there are regular terrorist attacks on tourists in Egypt, as – in this post-9/11 world, when ordinary people are frightened of terrorism as never before – visitor numbers are down and are not likely to pick up until the international situation is resolved, meaning that the Government thus has less revenue to spend on managing tourism than previously. Whilst tourism brings in a great deal of revenue to Egypt, due to the large amounts of money that are spent by foreign tourists travelling to Egypt each year, tourism also presents many problems. The management of tourism is thus complex and many-faceted. For example, many hundreds of thousands of people visit the tombs at the Valley of the Kings each year. The tombs that are visited are archaeological relics, that are still being actively researched, and the presence of so many visitors to these tombs causes damage to these relics. The Egyptian Government does not want to stop visitors from visiting the tombs as this creates massive amounts of revenue for the country, and perhaps because of international pressure, as they are the patrimony of humankind, and thus a massive campaign underway to preserve the relics from the damage that is caused to them. This can be replicated for any of the archaeological sites that are popular for tourists: the presence of tourists causes problems fo r the preservation of the relics, and so preservation campaigns are underway to preserve, as best as possible, these relics of Egyptian history. These campaigns do not, often, work in practice, however: however many signs there are, requesting people not to walk up the pyramids, people will always wait for nightfall to do this, as the one or two guards that are posted as protection are not, generally, effective. The need to preserve such ancient relics is not unique to Egypt: Italy and Greece have similar problems. In addition to the problems that tourism presents to Egypt’s archaeological relics, tourism presents various environmental problems for Egypt. The recent craze for Egyptian beach holidays has presented problems for the environment in these resorts, and trips down the Nile cause a great deal of river pollution, for example. Increased tourism also increases the water demand, overall, which, in a land as dry as Egypt, presents many infrastructure problems and is causing water shortages in many parts of Egypt. Thus, whilst tourism has many positive effects for Egypt (mostly economic), the negative effects of tourism are many and varied and require many innovative solutions. In terms of the preservation of Egypt’s archaeological history, the Egyptian Government spends a huge amount on this programme, which leads to the argument that this money would be better used for development, and that if tourists didn’t travel to Egypt, the relics could be stored and/or fenced off, leading to a situation in which no money would need to be spent on preservation, and so could be spent on development. As, however, the archaeological history of Egypt is the patrimony of mankind, the Egyptian Government has a duty to care for this. In terms of the environmental impact of tourism, in beach resorts or on the Nile for example, tourism needs to be managed sustainably in order to ensure not only the preservation of the environment, but also the permanence of the tourist trade itself. After all, no tourists would want to travel to a filthy beach with no coral to see when snorkelling, yet many of the beach resorts in Egypt are dirty and the coral is being damaged through human impact. In a few years, if the situation is not improved, not only will the environment be damaged beyond repair, but the tourist trade will be zero, as people will simply not want to travel to these resorts. In addition to these negative effects, tourism can have negative effects on the culture of the country: when Westerners bring their Western ways to the country, this changes, almost imperceptibly, the attitudes of the local people, which, repeated many times, brings sea changes in the way in which local people think and act. Coca-Cola is all over Egypt, and many Egyptian men are no longer surprised to see Western girls wandering around in bikinis: the Egyptian culture is becoming more Westernised, due to the influence of television, but also due to the contact Egyptian people have with tourists. Tourism thus brings not only problems for archaeological preservation and the environment but also for the culture and social situation of Egyptians. What can be done to ward off such negative effects? An approach known as pro-poor tourism has been attempted in many countries, aiming to bring net benefits to developing countries, from tourism, whilst accepting the negative effects as part and parcel of the phenomena of tourism. The initiatives of pro-poor tourism movement (see Cattarinich, 2001) include economic initiatives, local sourcing, training, socio-cultural initiatives, including such things as cultural conservation projects and environmental and policy initiatives. Pro-poor tourism is usually implemented at the Government level, with the management of tourism being approached in such a way that whilst the net benefit is sought, the realisation is always present that tourism has negative effects that are unavoidable (i.e., as we have seen, the damage to archaeological sites and relics). This essay has provided an outline of tourism in Egypt, in terms of outlining why tourists travel to Egypt, and has identified the key issues surrounding tourism in Egypt and the consequences of tourism in Egypt. The essay discussed the positive and negative effects of tourism in Egypt and considered ways in which any problems that tourism presented in Egypt might be addressed, in terms of requiring Government-level coordination of tourism management, from a pro-poor tourist perspective. In conclusion, Egypt has a long history of tourism. As the seat of so many archaeological treasures, Egypt has a responsibility to preserve these treasures but also to allow these treasures to be seen by all those who wish to see them. This presents many problems for the management of tourism in Egypt. The new environmental problems that have been presented by the opening of beach resorts, present further problems for tourism management in Egypt. The essay concludes that the pro-poor approach to tourism management could be a useful tool for the management of tourism in Egypt. References Cattarinich, X. (2001). Pro-poor tourism initiatives in developing countries: analysis of secondary case studies. PPT Working Paper No. 8.

The Challenges Faced In Jane E :: essays research papers

The novel, Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, has a plot that is filled with an extraordinary amount of problems. Or so it seems as you are reading it. However, it comes to your attention after you have finished it, that there is a common thread running throughout the book. There are many little difficulties that the main character, the indomitable Jane Eyre, must deal with, but once you reach the end of the book you begin to realize that all of Jane's problems are based around one thing. Jane searches throughout the book for love and acceptance, and is forced to endure many hardships before finding them. First, she must cope with the betrayal of the people who are supposed to be her family - her aunt, Mrs. Reed, and her children, Eliza, Georgiana, and John. Then there is the issue of Jane's time at Lowood School, and how Jane goes out on her own after her best friend leaves. She takes a position at Thornfield Hall as a tutor, and makes some new friendships and even a romance. Yet her n ewfound happiness is taken away from her and she once again must start over. Then finally, after enduring so much, during the course of the book, Jane finally finds a true family and love, in rather unexpected places.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At the start of Jane Eyre, Jane is living with her widowed aunt, Mrs. Reed, and her family after being orphaned. Jane is bitterly unhappy there because she is constantly tormented by her cousins, John, Eliza, and Georgiana. After reading the entire book you realize that Jane was perfectly capable of dealing with that issue on her own, but what made it unbearable was that Mrs. Reed always sided with her children, and never admitted to herself that her offspring could ever do such things as they did to Jane. Therefore, Jane was always punished for what the other three children did, and was branded a liar by Mrs. Reed. This point in the book marks the beginning of Jane's primary conflict in the novel. She feels unloved and unaccepted by the world, as her own family betrays her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This feeling intensifies when Mr. Brocklehurst arrives to take Jane away to Lowood School. Her aunt is pleased to see her go, but manages to influence Jane's life even after Jane is settled in at the charity school, by informing Mr.

YR10 ANALYSIS OF THE UK LABOUR MARKET :: Economics

YR10 ANALYSIS OF THE UK LABOUR MARKET 1. What have been the trends in unemployment levels in the UK in the past 25 years? From the graph above I can come to a conclusion that since 1984 the number of people unemployed has decreased. However, it hasn’t been constantly decreasing, it went down in between 1986 and 1990 and then back up again between 1990 and 1993. From here it has steadily gone down from there being 10,000 people unemployed to there only being 3,000 people unemployed in 2004. Ever since 1984 full time workers have been in greater supply then the part time workers. Both full time and part time workers have increased at roughly the same rate with the graph lines almost being parallel. One reason for both sets of workers increasing at the same rate is that there could be a population increase causing there to be more workers getting jobs in both categories. Both of the sets of workers have increased, since 1984 to 2004, by about 2500 people. 2. How has the split between full and part time workers changed? Ever since 1984 full time workers have been in greater supply then the part time workers. Both full time and part time workers have increased at roughly the same rate with the graph lines almost being parallel. One reason for both sets of workers increasing at the same rate is that there could be a population increase causing there to be more workers getting jobs in both categories. Both of the sets of workers have increased, since 1984 to 2004, by about 2500 people. Unemployment differs between the different regions of the UK in quite similar ways. The pattern of unemployment over the year’s looks very similar but with different quantities for the different regions. The North East has the greatest number of unemployed in the duration of the 29 years, whilst the East has on average the lowest number of unemployed. In 2004 the different regions have a lot closer link then ever before with a range of just 2000. 3. How does unemployment differ between different regions in the UK Unemployment differs between the different regions of the UK in quite similar ways. The pattern of unemployment over the year’s looks very similar but with different quantities for the different regions. The North East has the greatest number of unemployed in the duration of the 29 years, whilst the East has on average the lowest number of unemployed. In 2004 the different regions have a lot closer link then ever before with a range of just 2000.

James Dean

A Rebel With A Cause â€Å"Wash the dishes, and clean your room. Be home by 7:00, don’t be late. Study, study, study. † We have all heard these words uttered from the authoritative lips of our parents sometime in our life, however, these days most teenagers aren’t afraid to disobey their parents by responding with, â€Å"no. † James Dean was one of the first people to defy the strict rules of parents, and he did so on screen for the entire nation. Some sources claim that he is a label; a label that is intended for the sole purpose of resisting authority.He is not a label, rather more of an icon used to show that in certain circumstances it is okay to disobey the various rules that society has unwillingly placed upon us. Whether it be in black and white, or vibrant colors, the emotions in this picture speak loud enough for color not to be an issue. People perceive Dean as â€Å"trapped,† and after gathering some background information about him and h is career, I can clearly see why he is portrayed as this. His career peaked for three years, and then abruptly came to an end. However, for those three years Dean had to be everything that America wanted to see and idolize.Cameras surrounded him 24/7, paparazzi always wanted a comment from him, and fans simply couldn’t get enough. In the photograph that I have attached, it is as if Dean is trying to keep a hold on himself and his emotions; trying not to get too caught up in the crazy world he had been thrown in to. The â€Å"Torn Sweater† series was taken by photographer Roy Schatt. Schatt told Dean to pose as if he was trying to escape something that comes from within, a feeling perhaps, that only he himself is aware of – hence the attempt at tearing his sweater off.It is ironic in a sense that he’s standing in front of a camera, completely alone with a solid background looking into the distance. Being in front of a camera he had grown completely accusto med to, but he was never alone, and the background of his life is more chaotic than just a solid color. Dean is pictured gazing into a vastness that only he could imagine, imagining his life on the complete opposite end of the spectrum that he ended up being on. Even with his fame and stage-presence, Dean was an average guy who struggled to trying to get by with life.It is possible I’m biased due to myself being a teenager, struggling to get through this crazy thing we call life that I am able to relate to him. This photo stands out to teenagers in the sense that not everyone is perfect, nor knows how to be. At this time period, for many American teenagers, it must have been difficult to stand up to parents, and disobey the overbearing rules they had set-in-stone. Dean gave inspiration to them to stick up for what they believe in, regardless of the fact that they are younger and seen as less knowledgeable.Some people may know Dean from various old-time movies. He starred in E ast of Eden, Giant, and is most recognized for his rebellious character in Rebel Without a Cause. He was considered a good actor in the 1950s for the diverse character roles he took part in, and of course for his legendary sex-appeal. For half a century, he has captured the world with his casual style, fearless look, and rebel attitude. James Dean has defied the essence of â€Å"cool† and â€Å"without-a-cause† for generations.Rebel Without a Cause may be one of the most famous due to the fact that Dean got into a fatal car accident on September 30 1955, one month before the release date. Dean wasn’t only a sexy symbol of rebellion, he represented an every-day teenager that goes through social issues without having a clear direction for his life. In Rebel Without a Cause, he was shown as a delinquent in an urban slum. It is the story of a rebellious teenager who arrives at a new school, falls for the girlfriend of a school jock, and disobeys his parents trying t o defy the meat-head’s bulling.The directors of the movie casted him as a rebel, realizing that his attractive, edgy self would appeal to many teens being as they can relate. Dean was a product of this 1950s ideology. Percieving Dean as a good guy, desperately wanting to do the right thing, yet constantly getting caught up in doing the wrong, was appealing to teenagers around the entire nation. Teens didn’t challenge their parents rules back then, they listened to their elders, and did as they were told. People who did backlash and resist the authority were considered outlaws, who would never be successful.Making this movie and being allowed to see the inside world of a â€Å"true† rebel was one of the first opportunities both teens and parents had to see the two sides of a story. Dean’s performance spoke powerfully on behalf of teenagers going through this type of scenario themselves, and gave them a hero they could admire and respect. In today’s society, arguing with parents, or going against the rules trying to break the idea of a norm isn’t unusual. Yet, in the era that this movie was made, it was extremely against anything society really knew.The case isn’t about whether teens should, or shouldn’t argue, it’s the fact of respecting elders so much. His movies, all three of them, show that it isn’t necessarily bad to stick up for what you believe in whether you’re younger than the opposing factors or not. Going against society in ways that not a lot of people were brave enough to endure was something that really stood out, and made him recognizable for decades to come. Being a super-star is something that ordinary people like myself can only dream about.Not necessarily dream as in wanting it so badly it hurts, but dreaming in the sense that living the life of a celebrity would be such an out-of-body experience. Dealing with cameras constantly on a day-to-day basis isn’t some thing that I could put up with. Sure, all the money and fame would be nice for maybe a year or so, by eventually a person reaches a point where privacy is more important than materialistic items. Getting to know someone through the media could possibly be the worst way to get the true story. In pictures, you only get to see one thing, one significant moment that happened to be captured by someone’s Kodak.Gathering background information and searching a little deeper into something that interests you is really beneficial not only for yourself, but also the someone who is getting perceived as a single story. One of his most famous quotes is â€Å"Dream as if you’ll life forever. Live as if you’ll die today. † That’s exactly what he succeeded in doing in his life. â€Å"James Dean lived fast – and died young. † (Gilmore 32. ) Although his life was cut short by an unexpected car crash that ended up being fatal, Dean established a name for himself within the few years that he was an actor.That is astonishing. He has an outrageous amount of fans, and still continues to become known throughout the world today. Works Cited Gilmore, John. ^ John GiLive Fast – Die Young: Remembering the Short Life of Ja. New York City: Thunder's Mouth, 1998. Print. Herndon, Venable. James Dean: a short life. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974. Print. Hofstede, David. James Dean: a bio-bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 1996. Print. Springer, Claudia. James Dean Transfigured: the Many Faces of Rebel Iconography. Austin: University of Texas, 2007. Print.

American Novelists and Motherly Speaker Figure Essay

And today in the wide world of Literature, well maybe just short stories, we will be going over Rick Moody’s â€Å"Boys† and Jamaica Kincaid’s â€Å"Girl† and discerning the way in which Moody chose to make his story very quick paced to the reader and in a way difficult to read, but with a purpose. Also how that affects the way the reader may read, perceive, or understand the story in a different way. And comparing how the similar writing style of Kincaid compares to Moody’s use. In â€Å"Boys† we are immediately introduced to a recurring theme, event, or phrase, if you will, that pops up throughout the story many, many times. â€Å"Boys enter the house, boys enter the house† (Moody 579). Moody starts his story off with an action already taking place, he chooses not to setup a scene for the reader to immerse his or herself into. We are immediately drawn into the story on what seems to be a roller coaster ride of events and emotions through the years of the boys’ lives. He accomplishes this rushed, almost crazed reading by writing very quick short sentences all in one paragraph, literally making it very difficult for the reader to take their eyes away without losing their place and thus missing out on the action. In â€Å"Girl† the motherly speaker figure rapidly lists things a proper woman of their society should do, such as how to clean and cook. The list goes on and on and has a theme related to what must be done as a grown-up essentially that also gives this sense of following the steps taken over time growing up to be a better person. This quick pace in which the stories progress is similar to Susan Minot’s â€Å"Lust† in that each story told different excerpts from the speakers’ lives that helped mark the growth of the speakers as the stories progressed.

Implementing innovation in organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Implementing innovation in organizations - Essay Example m, in his innovation implementation article, an organization’s first step should entail knowing the ideal definition behind successful innovation for it to be on the safe side. The introduction part starts with the statement that ‘Successful innovation is turning ideas to money’, which depends on ones comprehension of the statement (Woods 2011). Essentially, the outcome should not necessarily be money but successful innovation should give something that is valuable in return to the organization or specific facets of it. Definitely, understanding innovation comprehensively forms a foundation for successful implementation, which is profitable to the organization in long term or short-term basis depending on the organizational goals. Decisively, I think that the understanding section should also entails evaluating your organization’s strategies, culture and other equally significant aspects such as size and core objective. This way one can relate how different approaches would apply in their organization, a factor that the article does not cover in depth. After forming a basis for implementation through utter comprehension, the next step in the article is determining the type of innovation the organization aims at achieving (Woods 2011). The statement is baffling but Tim goes ahead to explain what this step should involve. The innovation process can entail incorporation of new practices to the older ones or an exclusively new practice to bring value to the organization. I think this is essential because different corporations are in varying fields and markets; however, it is important that the way an organization chooses reflect on their needs. It is an important step, especially as the second because it relates with understanding innovation and the organization. However, the author does not give examples of how this step practically applies, which would give significant assistance to the readers. The author is keen to state out that organizations should

Operations Strategy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operations Strategy - Coursework Example The paper begins with business description and SWOT analysis of each of these three fast-food chains. From the SWOT analysis and business background information the paper shall identify the key operations performance objectives for each company and relate them to their competitive factors. The paper shall then conclude by identifying which internal performance objectives that McDonald’s, Subway and KFC need to focus on in their operations strategy if they are to remain competitive in future. 2.0. Business description and SWOT Analysis 2.1. McDonald’s McDonald’s Corporation franchised and operated a total of 32,737 restaurants in 117 countries as at end of 2010. This essentially makes it the biggest fast-food retailer in the world. McDonald’s revenues come from sales by its own restaurants and fees – in form of royalties and rent – from its franchised restaurants. Fees levied to these franchises vary depending on a myriad of factors stipulated in the franchise agreement that typically runs for 20 years. McDonald’s realised sales slightly in excess of US$ 24 billion in 2010 which was a 6 per cent increase over the 2009 revenue figures (McDonald’s, 2011). The business is managed as distinct geographic segments, namely: the US, Latin America and Canada, Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa (APMEA), and Europe. The bulk of its revenues originates from Europe, US and APMEA in that descending order. Within Europe, more than half of the company’s revenue comes from three countries: France, Germany and the UK. The UK therefore is a major market for McDonalds. Also according to the 2010 Annual Report, restaurants in the U.K., France and Russia are entirely company-operated (McDonald’s, 2011, p.14). 2.1.1. SWOT Analysis Strengths McDonald’s is the global market leader in the retail fast-food industry. Its huge international presence enables it to benefit from economies of scale that bring dow n its costs which supports its low-cost pricing strategy. Additionally, this huge international presence, allows the company to spread risk thus so as to reduce negative effects that may emanate from poor economic performance of certain countries. The McDonald’s brand, which is among the world’s best known is another source of strength as the company benefits from all the advantages that accrue due to brand recognition and loyalty such as increased sales. An additional strength for McDonald’s comes from its large real estate portfolio. McDonald’s real estate operations bring in large revenues and allow it to open more stores. Moreover, the strategic location of McDonald’s outlets – in areas of high visibility, traffic volume and ease of access – further strengthen its brand recognition. The company has also continued to innovate in terms of its menu variety – for example introducing limited offers, introduction of healthy salad s and shakes – and restaurant re-imaging. McDonald’s â€Å"Plan to Win† strategy that focuses on people, products, place, price and promotion that has been in operation since 2003 is also another source of strength as it shows alignment with the company’s corporate strategy. Weaknesses According to Zagat’s 2011 fast food survey, despite being the global leader in market share, McDonald’s was ranked third in the overall ratings of retail mega chains. This implies that the company’s average for food quality, facilities and customer service is lower than expected from its strong brand. Threats Rivalry among competitors in retail fast food industry is intense and it is slowly gravitating towards price competition largely because products and services offered by McDonald’s and its rivals are almost identical and there are virtually nil

Small business and risks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Small business and risks - Research Paper Example The cafà © prepares hearty and delicious breakfasts and lunch and offers authentic homemade Mexican food. North Boulder Cafà © is known for providing old-fashioned comfort and its menu is traditional and well situated for the discerning customer in the region. The menu includes a specialized range of coffees, burgers and Mexican dishes that are prepared by qualified chefs with an in-depth level of experience. North Boulder Cafà © is a family owned entity that competes with the major giants in the breakfast and coffee industry including Starbucks and others. North Boulder Cafà © is classified as a small business. Due to that, it has major capital structure needs and other marketing concerns. This puts the business in a major risk. However, the firm managed to thrive through difficult times and periods. This includes the credit crunch and other circumstances and it seem to be doing fairly well. It controls a very strict niche and this niche remains faithful to the firm. The sales approach includes the use of local marketing channels and media. However, the threats posed by larger entities in the industry are serious. This puts the firm in a major risk of folding up. In spite of this, it is apparent that with the careful research into the business environment, identification of real risks and formulation of solutions, North Boulder Cafà © is likely to survive and beat all the competition it faces. The research will involve an empirical study of the elements and aspects of the business environment of North Boulder Cafà © to ascertain risks and identify how these risks can be contained and dealt with. This will involve various tools of data collection and analysis to conduct an empirical research into the organization and identify solutions to the main problems and issues in the firm. The problem with North Boulder Cafà © is that the management might want to consider getting the franchise of a larger brand like

Middle East Conflicts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Middle East Conflicts - Essay Example Though history is replete with the countless wars fought between the followers belonging to divergent faiths, where both the sides asserted their claim to be the people of God, yet the Middle East crisis have witnessed over two centuries long clashes along with six decades long bloody struggle between the Jews and Muslims. Consequently, four wars have been fought between the two communities in order to win complete domination and hold in the region. Took place in 1948, 1967, 1973 and 2006, the Arab-Israel conflicts are the worst precedents of wars in the name of religion. Historical Background: During 19th century, when the nationalist movements began to emerge in Europe and Jews were being persecuted in Austria, Prussia and England by the orthodox Christians, the Jews started dreaming of acquiring their separate homeland, where no one could gather courage to hurt, humiliate and discard their community. Thus the Zionist movement came into being by the end of nineteenth century. The Jews started to shifting to Palestine and purchased land there en mass. Initially, the Arabs allowed them live side by side with them, but due to the continuous increase in Jewish population, the Arab nationalism emerged, and the young generation started resistance against further Jewish immigration in the region. Twentieth century brought the news of independence for countless nations in the aftermath of two Great Wars between the then superpowers of the world, which had weakened the UK, Germany, France, Austria and Japan. Palestine was under the subjugation of the Ottoman Empire till 1917, which was captured by the Allied Forces in the aftermath of WWI. The big powers allow the Jews to enter their ‘promised land’ Israel in the neighborhood of Jerusalem, the most sacred area for Jews on the earth. It was really perturbing for the Arabs, who had been in majority and political domination in the entire region for